Italian Citizenship by Descent (Jure Sanguinis)

How jure sanguinis works

Italy recognises citizenship through bloodline rather than birthplace, a principle known as jure sanguinis. Historically, this meant that if you could trace an unbroken line back to an Italian-born ancestor, without any ancestor in that line naturalising as a citizen of another country before their child was born, you could have a claim regardless of how many generations separated you from that ancestor. There was no formal cap on how many generations back the ancestor could be, which is part of why Italy became one of the most popular countries for citizenship by descent applications.

In 2025, Italy changed the rules. Under Law 74/2025, people born abroad who hold another citizenship are recognised as Italian by descent only if a parent or grandparent held, or held at the time of death, exclusively Italian citizenship. Applications filed before 11:59 pm Rome time on 27 March 2025 are processed under the old rules with no generation limit. If your closest Italian ancestor is a great-grandparent or further back and you did not apply before that date, this route is closed for now.

The 1861 unification requirement

Your qualifying ancestor needs to have been a citizen of Italy, which as a unified state came into existence in 1861. An ancestor born in a region that is part of modern Italy but before 1861, for example in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies or the Papal States, generally does not count as the citizen ancestor for jure sanguinis purposes. If your earliest documented Italian ancestor was born well before unification, the qualifying link usually needs to be a later-born descendant of theirs instead.

The naturalisation trap

The single most common reason an otherwise promising Italian citizenship claim falls apart is naturalisation timing. If your Italian-born ancestor became a citizen of another country, commonly the country they emigrated to, before their child was born, Italian citizenship did not transmit to that child under the law as generally understood, and the chain breaks at that point. If the naturalisation happened after the child's birth, the child would typically have already inherited Italian citizenship and the chain can remain intact.

This means the exact date of naturalisation, not just the fact of it, matters. Naturalisation records, when available, usually need to be checked against birth dates for every generation in the line.

Documentation you will typically need

A jure sanguinis case usually requires a full paper trail: birth, marriage, and death certificates for every person in the line from the Italian ancestor down to you, along with naturalisation records (or proof of their absence, or their date, where they exist). Certificates often need to be apostilled and, depending on where you are applying, translated. Gaps in the paper trail, misspelled names across records, or conflicting dates are common practical obstacles, often more of an obstacle in practice than the legal rules themselves.

Common pitfalls

• Assuming an ancestor born before 1861 qualifies as the citizen ancestor.
• Not checking the exact naturalisation date against the next generation's birth date.
• Relying on older online guides that describe the pre-2025 rules as if they still apply without qualification.
• Underestimating how long it takes to gather certificates across multiple countries and generations.
• Assuming maternal-line transmission worked the same way as paternal-line transmission before 1948, when Italian law treated the two differently and separate rules can apply.